Abstract: Objective To explore the difference in urinary proteome between recipients and their corresponding donors after kidney transplantation, then analyze the bioinformation of these distinct proteins. Methods Urine samples from 5 recipients and their corresponding donors who underwent renal transplant in Chinese PLA General Hospital from 2010 to 2014 were analyzed by LC-MS/MS technology. Then the bioinformation of the distinct proteins were analyzed. Results There were 12 distinct proteins demonstrated remarkble variance in recipients and donors. Among them, 8 proteins showed up-regulation in recipients'urine, including Ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase 3, Carbonic anhydrase 4, Retinol-binding protein 4, Basal cell adhesion molecule, Peroxiredoxin-6, L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain, Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin andAlpha-1-antitrypsin. While another 4 proteins showed down-regulation in recipients' urine, including Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4B, Vacuolar protein sortingassociated protein VTA1 homolog, BRO1 domain-containing protein BROX and Tripeptidyl-peptidase 1. Conclusion The urinary proteome of recipients is different from donors after kidney transplantation. The distinct proteins are located in extracellular space and mainly related to biological processes like immune response or energy metabolism.