A comprehensive review on application of electrocardiographic indexes in predicting prognosis of chronic kidney disease

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially sudden cardiac death and fatal arrhythmias. The electrocardiogram (ECG), as a widely used and cost-effective cardiac electrophysiological diagnostic tool, plays a significant role in the early detection of cardiac abnormalities and the prediction of cardiovascular prognosis. Investigating ECG indexes related to the prognosis prediction of CKD can not only serve as reliable prognostic indicators but also provide effective evidence for further elucidating the pathogenesis of CKD, thereby offering targets for CKD treatment and slowing disease progression. This article reviews the research advances in ECG indexes in predicting the prognosis of CKD from three aspects based on ECG analysis: autonomic nervous function, ECG time interval and ECG waveform morphological indexes.