Multidimensional pathogenic network of autism spectrum disorder: Research progress on the interactive mechanism of genetics-immunity-gut-brain axis-environment

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex early neurodevelopmental concern. The pathogenesis of ASD is not attributable to a single pathway but rather results from the intricate interplay of multidimensional factors, including genetic susceptibility, immune dysregulation, microbiota-gut-brain axis disturbances, oxidative stress, and environmental exposures. These elements collectively form a dynamic pathogenic network. This review systematically summarizes the etiological factors and their mutual interactions, highlights the key cross-talk nodes (e.g., oxidative stress) and provides novel insights for targeted prevention and treatment strategies.