Review on eyelid disorders and related surgery treatment for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

Eyelid disorders in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) can lead to functional and cosmetic problems, generally including eyelid retraction, ptosis, entropion of lower eyelid, eyelid bulging and skin laxity. In severe cases, lagophthalmos may result in exposure keratopathy and even blindness. The appropriate treatment is based on comprehensive and detailed patient evaluation. The surgeries for treatment of eyelid disorders in TAO are reviewed in this article, especially options and techniques of surgeries for eyelid retraction.