Abstract: In recent years, it has been found that gut microbiota is a key regulator of brain-gut axis signal transduction, which can affect neuronal, endocrine, metabolic, and immune pathways through several mechanisms, thus promoting the continuous bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain, which is defined as the brain-gut axis. At present, it is considered that the brain-gut-microbiome axis is related to the occurrence of many diseases, and the regulation of brain-gut-microbiome axis can provide new research ideas for disease treatment. Irritable bowel syndrome is a common chronic functional disease, its pathophysiological mechanism has not been fully revealed, and there is no effective treatment. Fecal microbiota transplantation is the transplantation of fecal bacteria from healthy individuals to recipients. The essence is to treat disease by regulating the brain-gut-microbiome axis. It is currently a hot topic in the treatment of IBS. This article mainly reviews the influence of gut microbiota, brain-gut-microbiome axis disorder on the pathogenesis of IBS, and the new research progress of FMT, aiming to provide ideas for clinical researchers.