Abstract: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a condition that severely impacts patients' quality of life. Treatment strategies mainly focus on alleviating initial injury, reducing secondary damage, promoting nerve regeneration, and improving functional recovery. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathophysiology following SCI. Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial structural damage and dysfunction are significant contributors to secondary injury after SCI, directly affecting the survival and regenerative capacity of nerve cells. Therefore, protecting mitochondrial structure and enhancing mitochondrial activity have become key areas in spinal cord regeneration research and may potentially offer new therapeutic strategies for SCI. This article reviews the mechanisms by which mitochondria influence SCI and their therapeutic potential in promoting spinal cord regeneration, including uncoupling agents, inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, regulation of mitochondrial fission and fusion, modulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitochondrial transplantation. Future research should further explore the interactions between mitochondria and other cellular systems, aiming to translate mitochondrial therapeutic strategies into clinical applications for SCI, thereby providing more effective treatment options for patients.