Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection may exist after cervical conectomy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). There is still no consensus on the infection status and associated factors in these patients.

Objective To compare the data of persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection after cervical conectomy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and analyze the associated factors.

Methods Clinical data about 1 895 CIN patients who underwent cervical conectomy in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from September 2017 to December 2021 and participated in postoperative follow-up at least once were retrospectively analyzed. The basic information, preoperative HPV infection type, surgical and pathological information, postoperative HPV persistent infection type, postoperative vaccination information were summarized, and the related factors of postoperative HPV persistent positive were analyzed.

Results The preoperative HPV positive rate was 79.37%, and 29.45% of them were HPV multiple infections. The continuous positive rate of HPV after coning was 18.89%. The outcome survival analysis results of the subsequent samples were similar. In the postoperative HPV-positive group, the proportion of 31-40 years old was relatively low, and the proportion of HPV16/18 high-risk types was relatively high (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in preoperative pathological type, pathological grade and conectomy diameter before and after surgery between the HPV-positive group and the HPV-negative group (P < 0.05). The first follow-up was 3 to 6 months after surgery. There were 251 cases in the HPV-positive group, of which 110 cases were different from the preoperative HPV typing. There were 107 cases in HPV-negative group, and 66 cases were different from preoperative HPV typing. Compared with the interviewees who did not receive the vaccine, the HPV infection rate of those who received the vaccine after coning was significantly lower (P < 0.05). Multivariate regression results showed that for postoperative HPV infection, preoperative pathologic grade (aggravation) was the risk associated factor (OR > 1), and vaccination was the protective factor (OR < 1).

Conclusion HPV vaccination after coning has a significant effect on the prevention of persistent HPV infection.