Abstract: Organ-on-a-chip technology, as an emerging research technique in the medical field, holds significant importance in the in vitro study of diseases. Among these, the lung organ-on-a-chip model integrated with microfluidic organ chip technology has demonstrated remarkable advantages over traditional cell culture and animal experiments in pulmonary disease research, becoming a cutting-edge in vitro model in the field of respiratory system diseases. The lung organ-on-a-chip can simulate the pulmonary microenvironment with complex pathophysiological processes in vitro and has broad application prospects in disease mechanism research, drug development, and personalized medicine. This review summarizes the recent advancements in the application of lung-on-a-chip technology in researches of lung injury, pulmonary infection, pulmonary fibrosis, lung tumors, and airway diseases, and provides insights into future research directions and technological advancements in organ-on-a-chip systems.