Abstract: Depression is an affective mental disorder characterized by depression, anhedonia, cognition and sleep disorders. The pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms of depression are not yet clear and the limited response rates of existing therapeutic drugs hamper its clinical treatment. In recent years, studies have shown that endogenous noncoding small RNAs (miRNAs) with regulatory functions are abnormally expressed in animal models of depression, and tissues and fluids of patients with depression, suggesting that miRNAs may play an important role in the occurrence, development and treatment of depression. MiRNA-based transcriptomics studies have made progresses in the discovery of clinical depression biomarkers and potential drug targets. The recent progresses in this topic are reviewed in this article in order to provide insights for discovering more effective antidepressant therapeutics.