Abstract: Objective To compare the levels of anxiety, depression and cognitive function of end-stage renal disease between patients treated by maintenance hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation (KT). Methods Totally 418 patients with end-stage renal disease admitted to Beijing Chaoyang Hospital from June 2015 to December 2017 were investigated. Of the 418 cases, 160 patients were treated with maintenance hemodialysis, including 85 males and 75 females with an average age of 51.1±12.5 years; peritoneal dialysis was performed in 108 patients, including 63 males and 45 females with an average age of 51.3±14.4 years; renal transplantation was performed in 150 patients, including 81 males and 69 females with an average age of 50.2±16.5 years. All participants were given a detailed sociodemographic form, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for evaluating depressive and anxiety symptoms, and the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) for detecting possible cognitive impairment. Results Patientstreated with KT had significantly lower levels of anxiety and depression symptoms (HADS, 9.43±5.62) than patients with maintenance hemodialysis (HADS, 19.01±5.65) and peritoneal dialysis (HADS, 16.77±5.21) (P<0.05). The KT group (27.19±2.23) scored higher than the maintenance hemodialysis group (22.14±2.15) and the peritoneal dialysis group (25.35±2.44) on the MMSE (P<0.05). The maintenance hemodialysis group scored higher on the HADS than the peritoneal dialysis group (P<0.01), while the peritoneal dialysis group scored higher on the MMSE than the maintenance hemodialysis group (P<0.01). Conclusion In this study, we find that KT patients have better cognitive and mood regulation outcomes than maintenance hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients with chronic kidney failure.