Abstract: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), one of the important members of the stem cell family, can be isolated from bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord, peripheral blood and other tissues. They play a strong immune regulatory role and can widely regulate the innate and adaptive immune system. In acute kidney injury (AKI), MSCs can alleviate kidney injury and promote tissue regeneration by regulating the immune system and inhibiting systemic and focal inflammatory responses. In this paper, we review the mechanism and research advances in MSCs in the immunoregulatory role of AKI in recent years, aiming to provide new ideas and directions for the clinical treatment of acute kidney injury.