Abstract: The neuromodulation techniques based on physical and chemical modes of action like electricity, magnetism, light, sound, and drugs has made rapid progress with the support of emerging technologies such as flexible neural electronics, artificial intelligence, big data, and sustainable computing, providing new tools and means for the research and treatment of diseases related to nervous, immune, cardiovascular, metabolic and other systems. This paper mainly reviews the research advances and application achievements of neuromodulation techniques including spinal cord stimulation, deep brain stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, magnetic neuromodulation, low-intensity focused ultrasound, optogenetics and chemogenetics, analyzes the existing shortcomings and presents prospects for the future development trend to providing ideas for the innovation of precision, intelligence, and personalized neuromodulation techniques in the future.