Abstract: Objective To retrospectively analyze the effect of hemoglobin level on heart structure in patients on hemodialysis. Methods Sixty patients without primary heart disease and myocardial hypertrophy who underwent hemodialysis from 2007-2010 were divided into high hemoglobin group and low hemoglobin group.Their left ventricular volume index（LVVI）and left ventricular mass index（LVMI） were compared. Results No significant difference was found in the mean age,hemodialysis time,baseline hemoglobin level,and LVVI between the two groups.Diabetic nephropathy was diagnosed in 15% of the patients.The hemoglobin level and epoetin used per week were significantly lower in low hemoglobin group than in high hemoglobin group（12.1±2.7）g/dl and（0.2±1.7）g/dl vs（117±25.6）U/（kg·w） and（83.5±22.6）U/（kg·w）,P=0.00.No difference was observed in LVVI and LVMI between the two groups.However,the systolic pressure was higher in high hemoglobin group than in low hemoglobin group（137±9.3）mmHg vs（132±8.7）mmHg,P=0.046. Conclusion High hemoglobin level cannot improve the heart structure of patients on hemodialysis,but increases the epoetin used per week and the incidence of systolic pressure,which should be further confirmed in double-blind study with a large sample.