Abstract: Objective To observe the expressions of hypoxia inducible factor-1α（HIF-1α） and VEGF in atherosclerosis（As） plaques and study the correlation between HIF-1α,VEGF and plaque neovascularization after bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplantation. Methods Thirty-six healthy male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into group A（bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplantation group）,group B（sham group injected with 0.9% sodium chloride）,and group C（control group）,12 in each group.Animals in group A were injected with allogeneic bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells via the ear vein after modeling,those in group B were injected with 0.9% sodium chloride,and those in control group received no treatment.Lipid level was measured,and inflammatory markers and vulnerable plaque neovascularization parameters were detected at baseline,before and after bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplantation. Results The serum TC and TG levels were significantly higher in group A than in control group,the RAAPIs and I/M were significantly higher in group A than in group B,the microvessel density（MVD） was significantly higher in group A than in group B and control group,and the HIF-1α,VEGF,and MVD levels were significantly higher in group A than in group B,after bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplantation（P＜0.05）. Conclusion Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplantation can increase the expression of VEGF.VEGF and HIF-1α can promote plaque neovascularization in AS patients,thus increasing the instability of plaques.