Abstract: Objective To report two cases of erythroleukemia in children and review its literature. Methods Clinical data about 2 children with erythroleukemia were retrospectively analyzed with its literatures reviewed. Results Case 1,who was sent to our department for a 6-month history of fever and hepatosplenomegaly,was diagnosed as erythroleukemia by bone marrow smear and died of cerebral hemorrhage 1 week after diagnosis.Case 2,who was sent to our department for a 1-year history of weight loss with progressive pallor,was diagnosed as erythroleukemia by bone marrow smear and died one month after diagnosis due to giving up treatment. Conclusion Erythroleukemia is an extremely disease in children,which is characterized by high malignancy and very poor prognosis.Early diagnosis and rational treatment,allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in particular,are the key to the prolongation of survival time of children with erythroleukemia.