Abstract: Esophageal cancer is one of the main malignant tumors that endangers human health, while esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains the predominant subtype of esophageal cancer in China. In recent years, more and more studies have clarified the relationship between human microbiota and ESCC, which is helpful to find new targets for early diagnosis and treatment of ESCC. Focusing on recent advances, this review discusses the relationship between human microbiota and ESCC in terms of early diagnosis and screening, prognosis, underlying pathogenesis, as well as adjuvant treatment.