Abstract: Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a series of syndromes caused by small vessel lesions in the brain, manifested as cognitive impairment, abnormal gait, emotional disorder and other symptoms, among which cognitive impairment is the main feature. CSVD induced cognitive impairment is the main subtype of vascular cognitive impairment, while vascular mild cognitive impairment is the transitional stage between normal cognition and vascular dementia. Early prevention and treatment can delay the progress of the disease course and improve the prognosis. The onset of CSVD is insidious, and the cognitive impairment of CSVD is related to blood pressure, vascular sclerosis, blood lipid, uric acid, homocysteine, inflammation and other factors. This paper reviews the research advances in risk factors of cognitive impairment in CSVD.